
1. Non opioid: e.g. paracetamol (acetaminophen) OR non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen 2. Weaker opioid: tramadol, codeine, dihydrocodeine 3. Strong opioid: morphine, diamorphine (heroin), fentanyl, buprenorphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone 4. Adjuvant: antidepressants, anticonvulsants, steroids, muscle relaxants, exercise, psychological support, temperature therapy, primal therapy, hydrotherapy, acupuncture Adapted from the Wikipedia article Pain ladder, [...]










